Genetic material in blood cells may affect malaria parasites

ScienceDaily (Aug. 15, 2012) ? Researchers at Duke University Medical Center may finally have discovered why people with sickle cell disease get milder cases of malaria than individuals who have normal red blood cells.

In a finding that has eluded scientists for years, Duke researchers discovered that genetic material in red blood cells may help alter parasite activity via a novel mechanism that alters parasite gene regulation.

"One of the most interesting findings in our study is that the human microRNA (very small units of genetic material) found in sickle red cells directly participate in the gene regulation of malaria parasites," said Dr. Jen-Tsan Chi, M.D., Ph.D., senior author and associate professor in the Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology. "These microRNAs enriched in the sickle red cells reduce the parasite's ability to propagate, so that certain people stay more protected."

MicroRNAs are small units of RNA, which come from DNA. MicroRNAs are only 20-25 nucleotides long and help to regulate gene expression.

The scientists also showed that when two different microRNAs were introduced at higher levels in normal red cells, the parasite growth also was decreased.

The findings appear in the journal Cell Host and Microbe.

"This finding should lead to greater understanding of the host-parasite interaction and parasite lifecycle, which may eventually develop into a new approach to therapy for malaria, which up to 500 million people develop each year worldwide," Chi said.

Every year about 1.5 to 3 million people die from the disease, most of them children, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Between 1,000 and 2,000 cases occur in the United States.

"I think this work will expand our understanding of the interaction between the malaria parasite and its human host, given that this is a completely new mode of interaction between them, and will give us a far greater understanding of the parasite life cycle," said lead author Greg LaMonte, a scientist in the Chi laboratory.

The malaria parasites grow in the human red cells, cells that scientists thought lacked any genetic material. Many scientists had looked for the components in sickle cells that could help them resist the parasite, but the Duke researchers found one component by thinking outside of scientific norms.

The Duke team found microRNAs in the red blood cells and showed that their composition is dramatically different in the sickle red blood cells. Counter to what they expected, they showed that these differences directly contribute to the malaria resistance in sickle cell disease.

The scientists also conducted a different experiment that showed blocking these microRNAs (miR-451 and Let-7i is particular) in sickle cells reduced the ability of the cells to protect against malaria.

"If you block the miRNAs, the parasite grows two or three times as well," Chi said.

Another surprise in this investigation was the presence of a chimera, a fusion of human microRNA with the parasites' mRNAs.

"We never expected to find this," Chi said. "The fusion of human and parasite RNA represents a unique form of host-parasite interaction, and may reflect either a novel form of host-cell immunity or a mechanism by which the parasite is able to adapt to the host-cell environment."

Funding came from the Duke Chancellor's pilot project fund, the Roche Foundation for Anemia Research, Burroughs Welcome, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (grant number NIH R21DK080994).

Other authors included Nisha Philip, Joseph Reardon, Nisha Philip, William Majoros and Lesley Chapman of the Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy; all but Majoros are also part of the Duke Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology. Joshua R. Lacsina and Christopher V. Nicchitta are both with the Duke Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology. Courtney D. Thornburg is with the Duke Department of Pediatrics. Marilyn J. Telen is with the Duke Department of Medicine. Uwe Ohler is with the Duke departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Computer Science, and the IGSP. Timothy Haystead is with the Duke Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology. Co-lead author Nisha Philip, formerly of Duke IGSP, is currently at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Duke University Medical Center, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Gregory LaMonte, Nisha Philip, Joseph Reardon, Joshua?R. Lacsina, William Majoros, Lesley Chapman, Courtney?D. Thornburg, Marilyn?J. Telen, Uwe Ohler, Christopher?V. Nicchitta, Timothy Haystead, Jen-Tsan Chi. Translocation of Sickle Cell Erythrocyte MicroRNAs into Plasmodium falciparum Inhibits Parasite Translation and Contributes to Malaria Resistance. Cell Host & Microbe, 2012; 12 (2): 187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.007

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/AYpBiiMZs9c/120815121316.htm

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The Truth About Forensic Nurse Wage ? Yapperz.com - Speak out ...

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://www.yapperz.com/JuamanulBanceks/blog/the-truth-about-forensic-nurse-wage-2/

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Enzalutamide adds 5 months survival in late-stage prostate cancer

Public release date: 16-Aug-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Garth Sundem
garth.sundem@ucdenver.edu
University of Colorado Denver

Major clinical trial shows survival benefit

Results of a phase III clinical trial of the drug Enzalutamide, published yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine, show the drug extends life by an average five months in the most advanced stages of prostate cancer.

"This is a major advance. Not only do we see more survival benefit than from traditional chemotherapy, but the side effects of Enzalutamide are much lower. It provides both more benefit and less harm you get the quantification of more life, but also see quality of life improvements," says study co-author, Thomas Flaig, MD, medical director of the University of Colorado Cancer Center's Clinical Investigations Shared Resource and associate professor of medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.

The study, known by the acronym AFFIRM, followed 1199 patients with prostate cancer that had progressed despite both hormonal and chemotherapy treatments, with 2/3 of patients receiving the drug Enzalutamide versus control. Median overall survival for patients in the treatment arm of the trial was 18.4 months compared to 13.6 months for patients in the placebo arm. In addition to prolonged survival, patients given Enzalutamide showed meaningful improvement in other measures including PSA blood levels, an increase from 3.0 months to 8.3 months in time until PSA progression, and an increase from 2.9 months to 8.3 months in overall progression-free survival.

The once-a-day oral drug works by blocking prostate cancer's ability to supply itself with androgens hormones including testosterone that otherwise drive the cancer's growth. It does this by binding to cancer cells' androgen receptors the waving tentacles on the outsides of cells that are designed to grab specific molecules as they float past. Enzalutamide plugs these receptors, removing their ability to grab androgen.

This out-competition for space in androgen receptors is not a new strategy. But when treated with existing anti-androgen drugs, prostate cancer tends to pull androgen receptors inside the cell walls, into a cell's nucleus where the receptors are shielded from drugs but can continue to trap androgens and thus signal growth. In addition to plugging receptors, Enzalutamide inhibits this nuclear translocation.

"Prostate cancer has traditionally been viewed as having two phases," Flaig says, "first is the hormone-sensitive stage and second is the stage at which the disease is no longer dependent on hormones and we're forced to turn to more toxic chemotherapies." Even a few years ago, the use of a hormonal agent in this second phase of prostate cancer would have been viewed at futile. Beyond establishing a new treatment for advanced prostate cancer, this study also helps to redefine "hormone-refractory" prostate cancer and proves that androgen-targeted treatments continue to be relevant later into the disease process than previously believed.

"This approach represents a much more potent and effective means of targeting the androgen receptor than possible with previously available agents. While this study examined the effect of adding Enzalutamide to standard androgen deprivation therapy, future studies could explore a single agent approach with this drug to treat prostate cancer," Flaig says. Another major study to look at this pre-chemotherapy activity is underway.

"We are in a renaissance period in the medical therapy of prostate cancer," Flaig says. "Enzalutamide is a key member of a half dozen new and emerging drugs and the challenge of the next five years is to discover how to best time and potentially combine these new agents. But even at this early stage, Enzalutamide is a game changer."

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[ | E-mail | Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 16-Aug-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Garth Sundem
garth.sundem@ucdenver.edu
University of Colorado Denver

Major clinical trial shows survival benefit

Results of a phase III clinical trial of the drug Enzalutamide, published yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine, show the drug extends life by an average five months in the most advanced stages of prostate cancer.

"This is a major advance. Not only do we see more survival benefit than from traditional chemotherapy, but the side effects of Enzalutamide are much lower. It provides both more benefit and less harm you get the quantification of more life, but also see quality of life improvements," says study co-author, Thomas Flaig, MD, medical director of the University of Colorado Cancer Center's Clinical Investigations Shared Resource and associate professor of medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.

The study, known by the acronym AFFIRM, followed 1199 patients with prostate cancer that had progressed despite both hormonal and chemotherapy treatments, with 2/3 of patients receiving the drug Enzalutamide versus control. Median overall survival for patients in the treatment arm of the trial was 18.4 months compared to 13.6 months for patients in the placebo arm. In addition to prolonged survival, patients given Enzalutamide showed meaningful improvement in other measures including PSA blood levels, an increase from 3.0 months to 8.3 months in time until PSA progression, and an increase from 2.9 months to 8.3 months in overall progression-free survival.

The once-a-day oral drug works by blocking prostate cancer's ability to supply itself with androgens hormones including testosterone that otherwise drive the cancer's growth. It does this by binding to cancer cells' androgen receptors the waving tentacles on the outsides of cells that are designed to grab specific molecules as they float past. Enzalutamide plugs these receptors, removing their ability to grab androgen.

This out-competition for space in androgen receptors is not a new strategy. But when treated with existing anti-androgen drugs, prostate cancer tends to pull androgen receptors inside the cell walls, into a cell's nucleus where the receptors are shielded from drugs but can continue to trap androgens and thus signal growth. In addition to plugging receptors, Enzalutamide inhibits this nuclear translocation.

"Prostate cancer has traditionally been viewed as having two phases," Flaig says, "first is the hormone-sensitive stage and second is the stage at which the disease is no longer dependent on hormones and we're forced to turn to more toxic chemotherapies." Even a few years ago, the use of a hormonal agent in this second phase of prostate cancer would have been viewed at futile. Beyond establishing a new treatment for advanced prostate cancer, this study also helps to redefine "hormone-refractory" prostate cancer and proves that androgen-targeted treatments continue to be relevant later into the disease process than previously believed.

"This approach represents a much more potent and effective means of targeting the androgen receptor than possible with previously available agents. While this study examined the effect of adding Enzalutamide to standard androgen deprivation therapy, future studies could explore a single agent approach with this drug to treat prostate cancer," Flaig says. Another major study to look at this pre-chemotherapy activity is underway.

"We are in a renaissance period in the medical therapy of prostate cancer," Flaig says. "Enzalutamide is a key member of a half dozen new and emerging drugs and the challenge of the next five years is to discover how to best time and potentially combine these new agents. But even at this early stage, Enzalutamide is a game changer."

###

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/uocd-eaf081612.php

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Gymnastic Leotards for Girls: Invention and Basic Facts ?

It goes without saying that every kind of sport requires specific apparel. The unique outfit is necessary for the athlete?s comfort, attractiveness and hence best performance. The sportswear uniforms have been changing throughout the centuries, developing innovative tailoring as well as involving new fabrics and design. In this brief post we would like to look at interesting facts and the history of a gymnastics leotard.

This may seem funny, yet the initial gymnastic apparel was created by a man. The skin tight garment which is now used mainly by girls is named after a French acrobat Jules L?otard, who popularized the garment. Being a pioneer of the artistic gymnastics and one of the most famous acrobats of his time, Jules was looking for an impeccable outfit for his performances which should be perfect in all aspects. Eventually he tailored the first maillot (the original name of the garment) for himself in 1859. It allowed him to perform sophisticated tricks flawlessly, simultaneously exhibiting his well developed muscles to the audience. So, the contemporary gymnastic leotards for girls root back to the nineteenth century.

Although the revolutionary garment was initially created for acrobats, soon it has become very popular with other athletes. Unisex leotards were worn by dancers, gymnasts, wrestlers, cyclists etc. In a few decades the garment penetrated the casual wear market and appeared in the form of bathing suits and exercise outfits (1930?s and 1950?s respectively). By the late 1970?s this functional apparel has become a vivid symbol of a disco and aerobics craze of the time. Newly invented spandex and nylon on a par with traditional cotton have offered a wide variety of styles and cuts of leos.

Gymnastics Uniform Today

Undoubtedly, leotards are very practical and functional as swimsuits and exercise garments, although they are the most beneficial for gymnastics. They fit perfectly and bring a feeling of a second skin, since gymnastics requires an ultimate concentration. Loose pants, rubbing seams and other distractions can lead to mistakes and thus severe injuries. The perfectly fitting gymnastics apparel will never distract an athlete, but bring a complete sense of convenience and safety. Such a kind of uniform also winningly displays the perfect muscles, especially in artistic gymnastics.

You will find a wide array of gymnastic apparel available in the sportswear market today. They can be both sleeveless or feature long/short/enlarged sleeves depending on their usage. Leos can be made of different fabrics and may have no seams at all. There also exist simple modest workout outfits and those manufactured (very often handmade) for competitive purposes. The latter usually incorporate vivid decorative elements, tinsel, fringes and other kinds of fancy embellishments. Depending on the purpose of the garment the price can vary. As a rule, high quality leos are very expensive (even those for little girls), especially the competition outfits. However, you can always make use of one of the reliable online shops offering a great range of gymnastic leos for girls of all ages for reasonable prices.

If you want to find the best quality of perfectly fitting sportswear, you definitely need to know how to select the best leo for your kids or yourself. Visit our website www.gymnastic-leotards.net/ to get to know more about gymnastic leotards for girls: their types, prices and much more.

Source: http://all-articles-directory.com/gymnastic-leotards-for-girls-invention-and-basic-facts/

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401(k) Investment Funds and the World's Nastiest Pizza | ALEX

A little while ago I wrote an article for Business Review USA on how offering fewer medical insurance plan options to employees actually helps them make and feel good about their benefits decisions. Basically, when it comes to insurance benefits, an abundance of choices can overwhelm employees and get in the way of making rational decisions.

Now it looks like the same ?less is more? approach should be applied to retirement fund options as well.

According to new research published in the August issue of the American Marketing Association?s Journal of Marketing Research, offering too many choices to ordinary investors may cause them to make weaker investments strategies.

Imagine a pizzeria that offers a ridiculous number of toppings on its menu. I?m talking about a stupid-crazy number of choices. The place has all the old favorites like sausage, mushrooms, and pepperoni, but also offers some much more exotic toppings like Kung Pao chicken, lobster tail, and?I don?t know?little fun-size Almond Joy candy bars.

As an experienced, sophisticated pizza eater, you don?t need much help navigating this kind of menu. You order what works, avoid what?s disgusting, and have an enjoyable dinner. If you?ve never seen a pizza before, though, having so many choices can be a burden.

If you were to behave with your pizza the way that people seemed to behave in the journal?s paper, you?d actually order as many toppings from the menu as you could.? Apparently, when faced with a large fund assortment size, people increased the number of funds they invested in while also spreading their money evenly among their chosen funds.

?The research shows that people get overwhelmed by choice,? explains researcher J. Jeffrey Inman. ?It is one thing to be faced with a big assortment of mustards at the grocery store, where the stakes are low. The order of magnitude is greater with mutual funds, where you feel less informed.?

To help their employees in the selection process, benefits advisors should try to make things simpler and less intimidating. Perhaps that involves offering a smaller, better-curated assortment of investment funds or helping steer people to different arrays according to their experience and comfort level. There are a number of ways to approach the issue, but investing a little in 401(k) education can make everyone feel comfortable with investing for their retirement and increase employee participation and savings rates.

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Source: http://www.meetalex.com/2012/08/401k-investment-funds-and-the-worlds-nastiest-pizza/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=401k-investment-funds-and-the-worlds-nastiest-pizza

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Hobbies - Backlinkarticles

Louis Vuitton Outlet She and me all his death and resurrection A lot of people would laugh at me why to this age, also have this kind of idea, the only explanation is that I don?t want to give the brief life of regret But my father didn?t respond, advised her : ? come tomorrow, the child may have come back Father I hope every morning to sleep And Wednesday afternoon you dad wanted to go to Changping for your lovely big brother, big sisters In order to make us sad, she even choked again severe, will soon open, the mother feeds a spoon; each daughter is treatment of torture and uncomfortable when she will lend a hand to touch, my mother, sometimes by hand was trembling so touching it will send a whimper of laryngeal sound Yesterday morning, after 9 days of hard to trace, Jiangbei police in Anhui arrested the murderer grab Your dad went to China University of Political Science and Law to seal extorted, again, is the teacher examination, family nobody Standing on the bridge, daughter suddenly asked his father: ? dead man, is it right? Will become a drop of water? ? I nodded: ? yes, everyone will die, but they are not out of the world, they just leave the world A lot of people would laugh at me why to this age, also have this kind of idea, the only explanation is that I don?t want to give the brief life of regret I will be his daughter to the Kunming City People?s hospital treatment for occupation, convenient, I have learned more than general families of patients with additional treatment information When can complete these Louis Vuitton Outlet Online requirements? This need hard you Grandpa Husband is a slave of love, he forgave me This time I want to hear that her husband, had to come from a person ?s mouth I want to accompany the children accept the limited life, together with a calm face farewell, together in a short journey of life, enjoy the feelings of every tree and bush The doctor patted his shoulder: ? I can understand your feelings Back at the hotel, my daughter to do rehabilitation therapy

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Louis Vuitton Outlet Store At home, his wife does not quarrel, just silently shed tears, I suddenly she has a kind of guilt Back at the hotel, my daughter to do rehabilitation therapy Is my mother?s portrait amplifying many pieces, each room has put on several Today, I still do not know when it will and daughter really say goodbye, but I know that it will no longer hit farewell Between them each other call consulting, managed to trust Beijing city have such a policy But she chose not to remarry, but a person bear bitter hardships adult to child rearing When the day?s cold, she will be looking for some old clothes to give me warm; during the lunch break, I will be with her on the hill to pick mulberries, playing dates After dinner, he sent me home In the surrounding, I indulge myself As a healer who also believe in daughter to find hope in life Father left these days, my heart like pressing a big stone, regret, remorse, depressed, helpless This is our last 2200 days through twenty-second City, it is a quiet leisurely, sweet air In May 24th, you left this world In 2006 May, I took her final in Hunan Xiangya Hospital diagnosed ataxia syndrome, epilepsy, pulmonary infection, but according to my experience, this is not the fundamental reason We walked in the forest path, with the memories of the palpitating with excitement eager to do sth He is sweating, trousers are soil The www.louisvuittonoutletstorewebsale.com Beijing city north of the city of Changping District Office of the streets of family planning, the staff holding my materials look, said: ? the city of Beijing birth certificate? ? I say: ? I come to do? ? the mission staff to put my time to my list of materials take them in, then the the following paper

As to the age of 33, Louis Vuitton Outlet I still have no intention to marry, because in my heart, forever to the plum to reserve one of the most important position First to the China University of Political Science and Law extorted extorted seal, the loyal attitude is also very good, very fast for your father built chapter, written evidence Listen to the neighbor Uncle Li said, Dad since week aunt never comes back, will not go to the twisting yangko dance, every morning on time is five o?clock go downstairs, is in the area where the building before the building to walk around, encountered an acquaintance how do not love to talk Mei Zi wears two beautiful braided, smiled, the mouth will smile small little dimple In general people, we are not particularly suited, she read many books, not having seen the world, also don?t love talking Dad, still can not be reconciled, said he would work to support himself But, if so, today there is no you Watching her daughter was lying in bed, my heart suddenly a tight! Did I ever doubt it will become a reality? In fact, more than a month ago, I send my daughter to school when he found her abnormal, her frequent falls, although look from idea may be a cramp in the leg, but I still doubt her nervous system problems, has access to a number of ataxia of information He just needed someone to go with him to eat a meal, watch TV when someone told him chatting, downstairs when someone accompany him, sick, sick individuals a bowl of water Love my family side side, in a dilemma Beijing house tens of thousands, empty house also has the tens of thousands, but your father could only ? at the Housing helplessly, ? no one belongs to your father Father I hope every morning to sleep Tell you one thingI have been to other teachers ask this question, some teachers give me a call, see the school asset management department to a real number, then the account to account, may www.louisvuittonpursesweboutlet.com be administered in Beijing birth certificate Beautiful wife, the husband is busy After school, I secretly went to Mei home, she and her mother cried bitterly, I dared not to disturb herOn one side is the imprint is engraved on my heart How much love can be repeated, when you choose a marriage, chosen together, so please keep the hand of son, and son

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Google runs newspaper ad for Google ads, universe has yet to implode

Google knows how to tug at your heart strings when promoting its services, but it also has the whole irony thing down pat. Last Thursday, the search giant touted the advantages of its targeted advertising in the Canadian newspaper the Globe and Mail, taking out a full-page spread asking the delightfully smug question you see above. Lest you think Google's pitch for AdWords wasn't in earnest, the ad also appeared on the Globe's website.

Filed under: Internet

Google runs newspaper ad for Google ads, universe has yet to implode originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 14 Aug 2012 20:44:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/14/google-runs-newspaper-ad/

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